Once set free from this religious cage, however, thought proceeded to demolish reason as well as any other claims to truth; for Land, Enlightenment notions of rationality, free will, and selfhood were nave efforts to save human consciousness (what he called the Human Security System) from being overwhelmed by the senseless and inhuman chaos of the universeLovecrafts shadow-haunted Outsidewhose truth was accessible only through the communions of art, death, ritual, and intoxication (of which Land enthusiastically partook). [13] It is possible some houses had altars in the center of the houses. This has been found, it is supposed, at the Birs Nimroud, of vitrified brick made in ancient ovens. This provides a rational and reasonable predictor of available behavior options of the actors/nodes. This is defined as the additional output (or physical product) that results from an increase of one unit of labour (or from an infinitesimal increase in labour). The heart of their argument is that a pre-industrial-age military concept is cognitively too constraining in the age of globally networked systems. For many critics, especially the philosophers, the quest for the COG is a quixotic search for something they believe does not exist. Escape from this trap became possible once capitalism generated a feedback loop of technological and productive growth strong enough to break free from both environmental limits and the pre-modern religious and political structures that had kept the market from swallowing society. [10] Houses could have shops, workshops, storage rooms, and livestock in them. Three stages may be traced in the art of these bas-reliefs: it is vigorous but simple under Ashurnasirpal II, careful and realistic under Sargon II, and refined but wanting in boldness under Ashurbanipal. The HSBC Headquarters Building (left) and its neighbourhood at night. The palaces of the early Mesopotamian elites were large-scale complexes, and were often lavishly decorated. Residential design was a direct development from Ubaid houses. The form of a Sumerian temple is manifestation of Near Eastern cosmology, which described the world as a disc of land which was surrounded by a salt water ocean, both of which floated on another sea of fresh water called apsu, above them was a hemispherical firmament which regulated time. Wikipedia The favoured design was rounded bricks, which are somewhat unstable, so Mesopotamian bricklayers would lay a row of bricks perpendicular to the rest every few rows. Prior to the British settlement of Hong Kong in 1841, architecture in Hong Kong was predominantly Cantonese. Local folklore claims that such holes are for dragons to pass through, though some such holes are created to fulfil air ventilation requirements. From the street only the rear wall of the antechamber would be visible through an open door, likewise there was no view of the street from the courtyard. Land is an elitist, more loyal to IQ than ethnicity, and with a marked contempt for the inarticulate proles of neoreactions white nationalist wing. Individuals must choose how much time to allocate to leisure activities and how much to working. But the focus on him has tended to obscure the other, and in many ways more interesting, pole of neoreaction: the British philosopher NickLand. Brighton (/ b r a t n /) is a seaside resort and one of the two main areas of the City of Brighton and Hove in the county of East Sussex, England.It is located 47 miles (76 km) south of London.. Archaeological evidence of settlement in the area dates back to the Bronze Age, Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods. [24], Design of Assyrian buildings, fortifications and temples. "[36], The examples and perspective in this article or section, Macro and micro analysis of labour markets, Personnel economics: hiring and incentives. Planning The city always included a belt of irrigated agricultural land including small hamlets. Eventually, in the West at least, society was able to re-embed the market in the form of social-democratic, welfare capitalism, blunting the markets edge by subordinating it to human needs. However, over the past 25 years an increasing literature, usually designated as the economics of the family, has sought to study within household decision making, including joint labour supply, fertility, child-raising, as well as other areas of what is generally referred to as home production. These third millennium BC palaces functioned as large-scale socio-economic institutions, and therefore, along with residential and private functions, they housed craftsmen workshops, food storehouses, ceremonial courtyards, and are often associated with shrines. But in Chaldea there are some enormous masses of ruins, evidently remains of the vast mounds which formed the substructure of their temples. Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation and race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy. The curve indicates the combinations of leisure and work that will give the individual a specific level of utility. The growth of the city was partly planned and partly organic. The typical size for a Sumerian house was 90 m2. Much of the detailed strategy and decision making in a society or organization is done by various bureaucracies. In Mesopotamia, the use of fountains date as far back as the 3rd millennium BC. Utility is the only criterion necessary for relevancy. In his 1791 book On the Limits of State Action, classical liberal thinker Wilhelm von Humboldt explained how "whatever does not spring from a man's free choice, or is only the result of instruction and guidance, does not enter into his very nature; he does not perform it with truly human energies, but merely with mechanical exactness" and so when the labourer works under external control, "we may admire what he does, but we despise what he is. Planners briefed him on two centers of gravity: the Iraqi government and the population. Dale C. Eikmeier, A Logical Method for Center of Gravity Analysis, Military Review 87 (September-October 2007): 62. Labour is unique to study because it is a special type of good that cannot be separated from the owner (i.e. Complutense University of Madrid The architecture of Hong Kong features great emphasis on contemporary architecture, especially Modernism, Postmodernism, Functionalism, etc. Of the private houses nothing, of course, remains; but they are represented on the slabs as being of several stories in height, the ground floor as usual having only a door and no windows. Even though this type of labour is unpaid it can nevertheless play an important part in society if not abused by employers. They gather over the angles by graceful curves, and on the basis of an ordinary square hall carry up a minaret or a dome, an octagon or a circle. If other neoreactionaries are concerned with order or the preservation of the white race, Land still sees capitalism as an inhuman machine sucking us into a dystopian futureand his project is to prevent us from dismantling it. As long as something has utility, it is relevant regardless of its philosophical lineage. Moreover, inter-party competition to buy votes leads to a ratchet effect of ever-greater state intervention in the economyand even if this is periodically reversed, in the long-run it only moves in one direction. As the wage rate rises, the worker will substitute away from leisure and into the provision of labourthat is, will work more hours to take advantage of the higher wage rate, or in other words substitute away from leisure because of its higher opportunity cost. The ground floor were typically shops, with apartments and small balconies upstairs. The palace is called a 'Big House' (Cuneiform: E2.GAL Sumerian e2-gal Akkdian: ekallu) where the lugal or ensi lived and worked. [15][16], In the Ubaid period houses would be tripartite homes. Of the fortifications we know much more. The Australian Defence Force has already changed their definition to. Sicha, Michael Unsurprisingly, they dont always get along; if you want to preserve white racial purity, futurists trying to biohack us into a separate species are not your long-term allies. A labour market is also different from other markets in that workers are the suppliers and firms are the demanders.[1]. This helps planners make sense of the complexity. Clausewitzs COG undervalued or ignored the social, economic, or political systems that make up critical elements of current and future OEs. This includes the MRP of the worker. The pure income effect is shown as the movement from point A to point C in the next diagram. This entity is the COG. A more-likely-than-not probability is good enough. The center of gravity of an armed force refers to those sources of strength or balance. However, signalling does not always work, and it may appear to an external observer that education has raised the marginal product of labour, without this necessarily being true. The role of the temple was to act as that axis mundi, a meeting place between gods and men. In functionalist urban planning, organizing functional relations in a two-dimensional plan usually takes precedence over organizing other relations. When labour supply exceeds demand, salary faces downward pressure due to an employer's ability to pick from a labour pool that exceeds the jobs pool. Architectural exhibit at the HK Planning & Infrastructure Exhibition, Mei Foo Sun Chuen, one of the first private housing estates, Classical Lingnan architecture in Hong Kong, Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, List of buildings and structures in Hong Kong, List of the oldest buildings and structures in Hong Kong, List of lost buildings and structures in Hong Kong, "The world's top 20 city skylines, CNNGo.com", Hong Kong Hongs with Long Histories and British Connections, "The truth behind the mysterious holes in Hong Kong's high-rises", "What holes in Hong Kong buildings have to do with identity", "Here Be Dragons: How Feng Shui Shapes the Skyline of Hong Kong", Dr Howard M Scott "Colonial Architecture in Hong Kong", Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corp. HQs building, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Hong_Kong&oldid=1119743072, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 November 2022, at 04:57. The net impact of these two effects is shown by the shift from point A to point B. [14] Ground floors would be used to for shops, workshops, storage, and livestock. This observation stems from the authors personal experience as a military student at the intermediate and senior service college levels; as an operational planner in Operations Desert Shield, Desert Storm, Enduring Freedom, and Iraqi Freedom; and as an instructor at the Command and General Staff School, the School of Advanced Military Studies, and the Army War College. Still, all signs point to us living on the cusp of some major changes in humanity. Functional perspectives on urbanization generally focus on the ecology of the city, while conflict perspective tends to focus on political economy. For Land, as for Nietzsche, the death of God results ultimately in the desire to be destroyed, with capitalism the agent of this destruction. Usually the king's throne room opened to a massive ceremonial courtyard where important state councils met and state ceremonies were performed. That this was sometimes done in Assyria is shown by the sculptures. He also provides eye-grabbing quotes, like the following, useful for journalists attempting summary: For the hardcore neo-reactionaries, democracy is not merely doomed, it is doom itself. Hes also a ponytailed programmer, whose bloggy disquisitions invoke Thomas Carlyle, J.R.R. 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| .., 0096176817976| : = , 0096176817976| ( , 0096176817976| 99 , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| = , 0096176817976| 53 . Ziggurats were built by the Sumerians, Babylonians, Elamites, and Assyrians as monuments to local religions. Based on feedback and requests for information from students and faculty at these schools, the COG identification methodology has been included in the text by: Christopher M. Schnaubelt, Eric V. Larson, and Matthew E. Boyer. As Land writes of a recent leap forward in brain-machine interface technology: The step from lunatic science fiction speculation to established technoscientific procedure is increasingly taken in advance of any engaged discussion, without an interval for serious social reflection. Land is the sort of strange, half-forgotten figure that might turn up in an Adam Curtis documentary ten years from now. Duke John of Finland (later King John III of Sweden) (153792) built refined Renaissance interiors in the otherwise medieval Turku Castle.However, during the 17th century Sweden became a major political power in Europe, extending its territory into [20], The labour market, as institutionalised under today's market economic systems, has been criticised,[21] especially by both mainstream socialists and anarcho-syndicalists,[22][23][24][25] who utilise the term wage slavery[26][27] as a pejorative for wage labour. Earliest known examples are from the Diyala River valley sites such as Khafajah and Tell Asmar. Among the textual sources on building construction and associated rituals are Gudea's cylinders from the late 3rd millennium are notable, as well as the Assyrian and Babylonian royal inscriptions from the Iron Age. This was reconstructed by Nebuchadnezzar, as appears by a well-known inscription. The Oaxaca decomposition is a common method used to calculate the amount of discrimination that exists when wages differ between groups of people. Different countries have varying definitions of rural for statistical and administrative purposes.. International Journal of Advanced Research [18] One room was usually a sanctuary.[19]. The White Temple of Anu in Uruk is typical of a high temple which was built very high on a platform of adobe-brick. For instance, the so-called "giparu" (Sumerian: e2gi6-par4-ku3) at Ur where the Moon god Nanna's priestesses resided was a major complex with multiple courtyards, a number of sanctuaries, burial chambers for dead priestesses, and a ceremonial banquet hall. It was considered by many, furthermore, to be actively dangerous. The US Armys premier multimedia organization that focuses on advancing the ideas and insights military professionals need to lead and succeed. In recent years, the new architecture in Hong Kong tends to focus on providing more public green spaces that combine environmentally friendly concepts together with cultural exchanges, aiming to improve the quality of life for the city's people. Tabula rasa Saint-L (US: / s l o, s e n t-, s n t-/, French: (); Breton: Sant Lo) is a commune in northwest France, the capital of the Manche department in the region of Normandy.. Of course not. And if the Cathedral is the name for attempts to throw the emergency brake on the capitalist machine, Lands neoreaction is a sort of secular Satanism, effectively suggesting that it would be better to just end it all anyway. If Apple doesnt make you an asshole, Google will. Both services considered the weapons of mass destruction COG necessary, albeit a distraction. 3000 B.C., found at Girsu, Lagash. Stephen L. Melton. These perspectives challenge rationalist and functionalist urban planning that use scientific mapping to produce abstract accounts of simplified territories seen from above (Norwood and G 2012). This input includes a specific six-step COG identification methodology based on the ends, ways, and means construct that could replace the current, ambiguous visualize method.12 Should these proposed changes make the final version, it will satisfy most of the practitioners concerns. The data are generally nonnumerical. Assyria, imitating Babylonian architecture, also built its palaces and temples of brick, even when stone was the natural building material of the country faithfully preserving the brick platform, necessary in the marshy soil of Babylonia, but little needed in the north. Philosophically, the nineties iteration of Land was one of the most significant modern descendants of the sceptical and nihilist tradition in Western philosophy. The social network perspective provides a set of methods for analyzing the structure of whole social entities as well as a variety of theories explaining the patterns observed in these structures. There was an explosion of diversity in temple design during the following Early Dynastic Period. Architecture of Finland The audience members are actual planners searching for practical tools they can use. The point where the highest indifference curve is just tangent to the constraint line (point A), illustrates the optimum for this supplier of labour services. These court yards would be surrounded by thick walled halls. Land thinks this shift to AI is where were headed. Every article published in IJAR is provided with unique DOI and the metadata is submitted to CrossRef., This is because modern social systems are too complex, ever changing, and behave in unpredictable ways with second- and third-order effects. The golden age of the Western welfare stateroughly 1945 to 1973looks in retrospect to have been a freak accident of history. The individual's problem is to maximise utility U, which depends on total income available for spending on consumption and also depends on the time spent in leisure, subject to a time constraint, with respect to the choices of labour time and leisure time: This is shown in the graph below, which illustrates the trade-off between allocating time to leisure activities and allocating it to income-generating activities. Although Sumerian cylinder seals depict reed houses, the courtyard house was the predominant typology, which has been used in Mesopotamia to the present day. Another solution, foreshadowed by the rise of temporary workers in Japan and the firing of many of these workers in response to the financial crisis of 2008, is more flexible job- contracts and -terms that encourage employees to work less than full-time by partially compensating for the loss of hours, relying on workers to adapt their working time in response to job requirements and economic conditions instead of the employer trying to determine how much work is needed to complete a given task and overestimating. The buildings of Central comprise the skyline along the coast of the Victoria Harbour, a famous tourist attraction in Hong Kong. Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. Inequality and discrimination in the workplace can have many effects on workers. If America doesnt breed genetically modified super-babies, China will. Social network Metaphor-based definitions only prolong wasteful debating where anything that fits the definitionor more accurately the metaphorcan be a COG.14, Efforts are underway to shift the definition from metaphors to language based on clarity, logic, precision, and testability. Mesopotamian houses would often crumble. Conclusion. Without such analysis, the discussion of missions, tasks, and decisive points is more subjective, difficult, and lengthy. [14] Since it is difficult for the employer to identify the hard-working and the shirking employees, there is no incentive to work hard and productivity falls overall, leading to the hiring of more workers and a lower unemployment rate. Back in the day of the Nanyue kingdom, Hong Kong was already inhabited. That leaves only the philosophers to convince. [35] "It can be persuasively argued", noted one concerned philosopher, "that the conception of the worker's labour as a commodity confirms Marx's stigmatisation of the wage system of private capitalism as 'wage-slavery;' that is, as an instrument of the capitalist's for reducing the worker's condition to that of a slave, if not below it. [7], Simple houses could be constructed out of bundles of reeds which would be tied together, and then inserted into the ground. Urban This capitalist Leviathan would be, at a bare minimum, capable of rational long-term planning and aligning individual incentive structures with social well-being (CEO-as-Tiger-Mom). To each project we bring an extensive knowledge of tradition and a comprehensive understanding of technology, materials and finishes. The private housing estate began in 1965 with Mei Foo Sun Chuen. The step pyramid style began near the end of the Early Dynastic Period.[22]. In these statistics, self-employed people are counted as employed. Saint-L - Wikipedia In addition, the barriers to becoming a doctor are far greater than that of becoming a port cleaner. The Campus Zone is situated by the Tolo Highway and is designed to accommodate medium size companies in multi-tenants buildings. [11][12] Wood, ashlar blocks, and rubble were also popular materials used to make houses. Another taste model is for employee discrimination, which does not cause a decline in the hiring of minorities, but instead causes a more segregated workforce because the prejudiced worker feels that they should be paid more to work next to the worker they are prejudiced against or that they are not paid an equal amount as the worker they are prejudiced against. Herbert Spencer When looking at the system, four simple questions can prompt understanding, albeit imperfect in nature, to a level that helps separate the relevant from the irrelevant and important from the peripheral. ", Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Mesopotamia&oldid=1115658062, Articles with incomplete citations from February 2021, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing Akkadian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 12 October 2022, at 15:01. All that aside, Lands politics are not simply the lunatic ravings of a reddit red piller; even if you hate them, they might be a fairly realistic description of what would need to happen to bring back laissez-faire capitalism. The employment rate is defined as the number of people currently employed divided by the adult population (or by the population of working age). The Center of Gravity However, it did not improve COG identification methodologies. ( ) , 0096176817976| 7 , 0096176817976| ( ) (3) . We regularly work in historic settings where new buildings need to reflect the character of their surroundings. In the 3000's BCE, courtyards were introduced to Mesopotamia. Qualitative research relies on data obtained by the researcher from first-hand observation, interviews, questionnaires (on which participants write descriptively), focus groups, participant-observation, recordings made in natural settings, documents, case studies, and artifacts. This is what Land means by progress, and for him, its a world-historical disaster. The doors of the long axis were the entry point for the gods, and the doors of the short axis the entry point for men. Social science As the temple decayed it was ritually destroyed and a new temple built on its foundations. As Alex Williams writes ine-flux: In this visioning of capital, even the human itself can eventually be discarded as mere drag to an abstract planetary intelligence rapidly constructing itself from the bricolaged fragments of former civilizations. The current estimate is 10% of the city area was streets and 90% buildings. Urban Planning Among the Mesopotamian architectural accomplishments are the development of urban planning, the courtyard house, and ziggurats. functionalism Focuses planning. [28], According to Noam Chomsky, analysis of the psychological implications of wage slavery goes back to the Enlightenment era. It is trapped in short-termism by the electoral cycle, hard decisions become political suicide, and social catastrophe is acceptable as long as it can be blamed on the other team. Efficiency is the byproduct of understanding and focus and is about the wise use of resources to obtain an objective. The water was led from small conduits. Functional perspectives on urbanization generally focus on the ecology of the city, while conflict perspective tends to focus on political economy. I also agree that OEs behave in unpredictable ways. The most intriguing aspect of Lands work, however, is not his political philosophy but the dark futurism onto which it is grafted. These roofs are well-nigh fireproof, and the flames are represented as stopped by them, and coming out of the windows. The study of ancient Mesopotamian architecture is based on available archaeological evidence, pictorial representation of buildings, and texts on building practices. They claim the COG predisposes planners to overly simplistic notions of defeating a force and capturing the capital or key leaders while blinding the planners to the complexity of an OE. A network of roads and canals connected the city to this land. Deviance or the sociology of deviance explores the actions and/or behaviors that violate social norms across formally enacted rules (e.g., crime) as well as informal violations of social norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and mores).Although deviance may have a negative connotation, the violation of social norms is not always a negative action; positive deviation exists in some
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