Adv. Ejeian, M. & Wang, R. Z. Adsorption-based atmospheric water harvesting. 5c shows the simulated response from the analytical model of a resonator of dimensions 500m200m28m in cell cytoplasm with and without a 5m coating (20g total mass) of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) having complex modulus42, \({E}_{f}^{*}=\left(10+j8\right){kPa}\), which is of the same order of magnitude as that for different polymers and biomaterials42, 43 (Supplementary Note6). Mater 33, 2006444 (2021). To fully realize the daily water production potential of the water harvester, in addition to advanced heat and mass transfer study, we also investigated the optimization parameters and strategies. Sreekala, A comparative study on piezoelectric and piezoresistive pressure sensor using COMSOL simulation. Am. Such a microfluidic device ensures continuous freshly-secreted sweat sampling. Zhao, J., Zou, X., Zhu, Y., Xu, Y. Sensors with the spraying time of 80 and 100s show similar sensitivity, which can reach 419.622kPa1 in the pressure<100Pa. Kamat et al. show that electrodes with sharp nanometre-sized tips produce local high electric fields that increase local CO2 concentrations near the active electrocatalyst surface. 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Lee, C.Y. CAS Am. ACS Appl. Chem. The rate performance of the cells was assessed by cycling the cells at different current densities with a cut-off capacity of 1mAh cm2. elastic-plastic stiffness matrix. 2a by filling the capillary tube containing the antenna with water. PubMed conceived, initiated and supervised the project, designed the experiments and analyzed the data. 29, 1702714 (2017). Nat. Simplified 3D models of randomly arranged carbon fibers (CFs) and porous fibers (representing MSCNFs) were set up, where the fibers of each layer with an alternating direction were stacked horizontally on the XY plane, and the spacing on the Z-axis between layers was fixed. The sensor with a uniform and conformal nano-coating film on the surface of the hydrophobic pyramid PDMS has more than 10,000 stable cycles [80]. The structure of this review and the relationships between the parts are shown in Fig. Your browser will take you to a Web page (URL) associated with that DOI name. Fan, H.A. Chem. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. For in-vivo operation, due to the conductivity of tissue there can be a loss in the measured signal amplitude as well as harmful heating effects due to the applied excitation magnetic field. Mater. ADS https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14579, Y. Wan, Y. Wang, C.F. Ding, Y. et al. Xiong, P. et al. 31, 1903378 (2019). If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Environ. 7b shows the measured S11 response of the Tx coil containing the resonator and the S11 response of the model for the best fit parameters. 11, 23 (2019). A provisional patent application on Cell Rover (U.S. Appl. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6747, K. Kim, H.J. For our work, the water productivity per gram of sorbents per day is 1.09g of obtained water per gram of sorbent per day (gwater gsorbent1 day1), which has taken into account the mass of the eight replaced sorbents. d, Required CO2Au bonding time versus electric field. B 41, 78927895 (1990). b Pressure sensor as compile Morse code with variable pressing time [271]. d, Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) spectra on Au needle tip. Error bar: SD. 4f and g). A 8, 1035410362 (2020). D. width of deposit. 19a-b) [23]. Nat. The plasmonic microfluidic system enabled rapid, facile, portable, and POCT of physiologically related biomarkers in sweat, providing a clinical research platform for personalized healthcare. By comparison, the peak intensity of 108 M R6G in Ag nanomushroom arrays was significantly stronger than the above two ones, with AEF up to 1.488106. Ed. a Overview of ML-enabled intelligent sensor design [55]. Fan, Z.Q. Nomenclature Symbol. Song, F. Xu, Flexible and highly sensitive resistive pressure sensor based on carbonized crepe paper with corrugated structure. A flexible microfluidic chip-based universal fully integrated nanoelectronic system with point-of-care raw sweat, tears, or saliva glucose monitoring for potential noninvasive glucose management. Considering the wide range of variable regulation of each microstructure, it is difficult to identify the complex effects of each micromorphology for unified comparison. Copyright (2018) American Chemical Society. Copyright (2021) Springer Nature. Sealed containers specifically designed for SEM and XPS measurements were employed for sample transfer from the glove box to the instruments. developed metalorganic protein-bonding films based on coordination [112]. Technol. The bulk sorbent Li-SHC shows a high water release of 2.37gg1 in a single water capture-release cycle under a simulated practical semi-arid environment. Building organic/inorganic hybrid interphases for fast interfacial transport in rechargeable metal batteries. Cell Rovera miniaturized magnetostrictive antenna for wireless operation inside living cells, \(\frac{R}{D}=\frac{{{{{{\rm{Distance}}}}}}\; {{{{{\rm{between}}}}}}\; {{{{{\rm{antenna}}}}}}\; {{{{{\rm{and}}}}}}\; {{{{{\rm{receiver}}}}}}}{{{{{{\rm{Effective}}}}}}\; {{{{{\rm{size}}}}}}\; {{{{{\rm{of}}}}}}\; {{{{{\rm{antenna}}}}}}}\), $${f}_{r}=\frac{1}{2L}\sqrt{\frac{E}{\rho (1-\nu )}}$$, \({{{{{\bf{F}}}}}}=\nabla ({{{{{\bf{m}}}}}}{{{{{\boldsymbol{. 11e) . The position of the cell inside the tube can be adjusted easily by flowing the cell medium through the capillary tube. Selective deposition and stable encapsulation of lithium through heterogeneous seeded growth. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-014-0484-1, Z. Zhang, T. He, M. Zhu, Z. Soc. 3b). Through adjusting the concentration of Ag NW and the selection of PVA and PLGA, the antibacterial and biodegradable capability of e-skins can be tuned, respectively. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.9b00363, S.I. 14b which gives a normalized detection range of 20.0, with a signal to noise ratio of 6.9dB (Supplementary Note7). Open-circuit voltage with transferred charge density is required for static pressure detection. }}}}}}{{{{{\bf{B}}}}}})\), where \({{{{{\bf{m}}}}}}\) denotes the magnetic dipole moment and \({{{{{\bf{B}}}}}}\) denotes the magnetic flux density29). Tian, Z.L. Copyright (2018) WileyVCH. Joy, B., Cai, Y., Bono, D.C. et al. ACS Cent. PubMed Central https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201600117, L. Miao, J. Wan, Y. Angew. The near field coupling of the antenna from inside the cell is further studied by varying the DC bias magnetic field strength from 75Oe to 150Oe. Improved rechargeability of lithium metal anode via controlling lithium-ion flux. Flexible smart electronics have revolutionized our cognition, methodology, and techniques in electronic skin, human-machine interaction, personalized healthcare1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Nature 451, 652657 (2008). Kapton tape was also transparent (Supplementary Fig. MATH ac, SEM images of Pd needles, rods and particles, respectively. Therefore, two mismatches need to be particularly considered to pursue maximum water production yield if applying the sorbent to real devices: 1. the sorption performance of real bulk sorbents versus the milligram-level test samples; 2. the slow water sorption rate and the relative fast desorption rate. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12030-x, C. Pang, G.Y. Copyright (2019) WileyVCH. To check whether the resonator performance is degraded over time in wet medium due to electrochemical reactions, the Cell Rovers were incubated in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) for a period of 5days and the resonator response was measured. Energy Mater. f Derivative water uptake changes of 2-mm-thick bulk Li-SHC sample demonstrating the mismatch between sorption and desorption time. & Robinson, J. T. Wireless power delivery techniques for miniature implantable bioelectronics. Moreover, since only a pressure load produces a triboelectric response, the sensor can be used to distinguish between pressure and bending. Adv. The rationale behind this design is analogous to micropatterning the active layer. Hence, we measured the antenna response from inside the cell as a function of time for 40min and recorded the resonance frequency and signal amplitude as shown in Fig. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Commun. This review focuses on the rapid development of morphological engineering technologies for flexible pressure sensors. Adv. The 28-m thick Metglas film was fixed on top of a 4-inch Silicon wafer using two layers of epoxy and Kapton tape to prevent the machined samples from being washed away by the cooling water jet. Google Scholar. Although the design of microcracks is often used for the flexible tensile strain sensors, some of them can also be employed to monitor the stimulation of vibration and pressure [98, 99]. Attenuating metal-substrate conjugation in atomically dispersed nickel catalysts for electroreduction of CO2 to CO, Hierarchical micro/nanostructured silver hollow fiber boosts electroreduction of carbon dioxide, Complementary Operando Spectroscopy identification of in-situ generated metastable charge-asymmetry Cu2-CuN3 clusters for CO2 reduction to ethanol, Extended Data Figure 1 Optimized structure for Au facets and data calculated with or without K. Extended Data Figure 2 Electrochemical simulation model and results. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52003253 and 52103308) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M672283). For the 3D printing method, non-conductive polymer material is usually used for backbone structuring, and successive post processing is needed to add the conductive layer for their application in electronic devices [260]. Adv. Adv. PubMed Central Res. Google Scholar. 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Mass loading effect arises from a thin layer of liquid close to the resonator surface which is activated by its vibration which increases the effective mass of the resonator and this increase is characterized by the parameter \({m}_{w}\). To characterize the impedance and wireless power transfer efficiency of the Cell Rover device, we consider a Cell Rover which is coupled to a single Tx coil of diameter 2mm, length 1mm and 26 turns as shown in Supplementary Fig. The interaction energy is consistently less in the presence of an adsorbed K+ (red) than without K+ (black). 26, 81038110 (2016). J. Wang, X. et al. Zhao, R. et al. 30(17), 1910292 (2020). Rep. 9, 3916 (2019). The portable SERS analyzer (commercial device, not customized one) can decode the sweat fingerprint information of targeted biomarkers of urea, lactate, and pH at the molecular level, significantly expanding the accessible scenarios of wearable SERS sensors for point-of-care test (POCT) applications. Sikirzhytski, V., Sikirzhytskaya, A. As mentioned earlier, incorporating cracks is a classic design strategy to obtain high sensitivity of piezoresistive pressure sensors because it causes high variability in resistance. CAS Appleton, D.H. Kim et al., Flexible polymer transistors with high pressure sensitivity for application in electronic skin and health monitoring. Adv. Google Scholar. Mater. J. Adv. CAS Nano Energy 78, 105337 (2020). Chem. The finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to show the electromagnetic field distribution of the Ag nanomushroom arrays. We divide the monitoring function into infrastructure safety [272, 273] and personal danger prediction. Interfaces 9(31), 2631426324 (2017). Kim, H. Kim, J.J. Park, I. Ha et al., Transparent soft actuators/sensors and camouflage skins for imperceptible soft robotics. c Schematic illustration of the bending-insensitive sensor based on coplanar electrodes. The work in these areas will be an important step in bringing flexible and wearable pressure sensors to future practical applications. Copyright (2019) WileyVCH. Huang et al. Since water has a viscosity comparable to cell cytoplasm26 it is expected that the detected response in water would be a good estimate of the resonator response when it is placed in cell cytoplasm. The effective magnetomechanical coupling efficiency (\({k}_{{eff}}^{2}\)) considering eddy current losses is given by the formula:47. where \({k}^{2}\) is magnetomechanical coupling efficiency with zero eddy current losses and \(\alpha\) is the eddy current loss angle which depends on conductivity (\(\sigma\)), permeability (\(\mu\)), thickness (\(t\)) of the magnetostrictive material and the operating frequency of the antenna (\(\omega\)) and is given by: Hence eddy current losses can be significantly minimized and the signal amplitude and detection range can be improved significantly compared to the simulation by depositing several thin magnetostrictive layers separated by insulating layers47. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b13535, J. Huang, H. Wang, Z. Li, X. Wu, J. Wang et al., Improvement of piezoresistive sensing behavior of graphene sponge by polyaniline nanoarrays. a, Au(111) facet. Typically, in existing works, porous foam and sponge were dip-coated with micro-/nanoscale functional materials to prepare porous sensing layer, such as CNT/TPU/silicone foam [219], (multiwalled carbon nanotubes) MWNT/(reduced graphene oxide) rGO/PU foam [217], PEDOT:PSS@melamine sponge [37], PDMS/Ag NP sponge [220], metal-coated PDMS sponge [221], PDMS/CNT sponge [222], CB@PU sponge [223], PU/graphene sponge [87]. Mater. 11, 753 (2020). 59, 52025210 (2020). 7, eabg3626 (2021). 8), displaying reversible and continuous SERS sensing performance. a Pressure sensor as touch control keyboard with different press level [50]. Nat. We believe our wearable device will unlock more applications and open up previously unnoticed horizons in various fields, such as athletic, military, criminal investigation, clinical care, intelligent medicine, etc. To ensure effective intracellular injection the magnetic field gradient should have an optimal range, as a higher value is observed to cause the antenna to penetrate the cell membrane on the opposite side of the injection site (Supplementary Fig. D. width of deposit. In this calculation, each Ag nanomushroom was simplified as a combined geometry of a circular (head of the Ag nanomushroom), isosceles trapezoid (stem of the Ag nanomushroom), and rectangle (the Ag layer at bottom). 5g-h) [225]. In our microfluidic system, the used SERS substrate does not need to play the role of sweat sampling. Larabell, C. A. We discuss recent developments in the fabrication of sensors with high sensing performance. Small 14, 1802140 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b03639, Q. Liu, Z. Liu, C. Li, K. Xie, P. Zhu et al., Highly transparent and flexible iontronic pressure sensors based on an opaque to transparent transition. Park, S. Cho, Y.E. Commun. In this paper, we propose a wearable plasmonic sensor, bridging the gap between wearable sweat microfluidics with the SERS signal output technique using a portable Raman analyzer. Adv. 31(5), 1803377 (2018). ACS Sens. The large spherical size and opaque nature of the oocytes makes it difficult to perform live imaging of whole oocytes22. 3h, most Raman peaks were visually perceptible in both individual urea or lactate solutions as well as their mixtures. The total coupling coefficient \({k}_{t}\) is much lower than the magnetomechanical coupling coefficient (\({k}^{2}\)) due to the weak inductive coupling which arises from the large difference in the dimensions of the transmitting coil with respect to the Cell Rover and can be improved significantly with a more optimized coil design for in-vivo applications. Although the sensitivity of a pressure sensor can be improved by increasing the number of sensing layers, a larger number of layers do not necessarily translate into better sensing performance. h, CO2RR performances of Au needles and Au needles/Au at 0.35V versus RHE. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Sci. Compos. Chem. In contrast to the conventional heavy desktop Raman spectrometer, such a portable Raman analyzer is so convenient that allows users to track the sweat fingerprint as free as they can. Mater. e, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy exhibited the expected peaks for Au0 but no peaks attributable to an oxide, indicating that reduction of HAuCl4 precursor was complete within the detection limits of this technique. All our experiments complied with all relevant ethical regulations and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Adv. Mater. Bull. d Mass of desorbed and collected water during each cycle, and its accumulated water. & Lu, Y. C. A high-rate and long-life organic-oxygen battery. Sci. d-e Monitoring of physiological for beating of the pulse [31]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.05.014, S.K. Conde, M. R. Properties of aqueous solutions of lithium and calcium chlorides: formulations for use in air conditioning equipment design. Cell Rep. Phys. J. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c18543, J. Wen, Z. Copyright (2018) American Chemical Society. & Wang, Z. Electrochemical performance of MXenes as K-ion battery anodes. h, i, CO2 reduction performances in 0.5M KHCO3, pH 7.2 at 0.30V (h) and 0.20V (i) versus RHE. Emerging non-aqueous potassium-ion batteries: challenges and opportunities. Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201808829, M. Wang, Y. Qiu, J. Jia, C. Wang, J. Deng et al., Wavelength-gradient graphene films for pressure-sensitive sensors. The detection mechanism of the portable Raman spectrometer is as follows (Fig. Lett. Matter 21, 084204 (2009), Serway, R. A. The components migrated, merged, and evaporated during the process, resulting in a porous sponge-like structure (Fig. Adv. e SERS spectra and f the enlarged view of the Raman peak at 1400-1425cm1 responded to different pH levels after normalizing the peak intensity at 1078cm1. Eng. a Estimated daily water production in typical arid, humid, and semi-arid climates. These microstructures can be constructed directly in active materials [93] or by depositing functional materials on rough flexible substrates (microstructured PDMS, PU, Ecoflex, rubber, etc.) Science 334, 643644 (2011), Qiao, J. L., Liu, Y. Y., Hong, F. & Zhang, J. J. The stress of the pyramid and micro-dome structure was concentrated at the top of the region, whereas that of the randomly distributed ridge structure was concentrated at the initial contact peak and the base of the adjacent peak due to stress transfer. Nano. As pH increased from 4 to 8, the Raman band between 1400 and 1425cm1 (attributed to carboxylate stretching37, referred to cbx hereinafter) underwent an obvious blue shift (Fig. Figure2h shows the measured resonator impedance and calculated impedance from the equivalent circuit fit. 43, 367382 (2004). We demonstrate the operation of the Cell Rover in Stage VI Xenopus Laevis oocytes which are a common model used to study cell biology, developmental biology, and modeling human disease19,20,21. By employing these PS spheres monolayer as a mask, well-aligned Si nanopillar arrays were created by plasma etching in a reactive ion etching machine (ICP-RIE plasma etcher SI-500, Germany, power: 150 w; gas flow rate: O2 20 sccm & SF6 20 sccm; chamber pressure: 2Pa; etching time: 50s). The nanoscale crack junction-based sensory system could be useful in diverse applications requiring ultrahigh displacement sensitivity, such as sound and speech pattern recognition, human physiology monitoring, and flow rate indicators. 211, 118029 (2022). Cell Rovers can be further miniaturized for application in smaller cells using conventional microfabrication techniques such as sputtering and photolithography.
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