This too suggests a form of data saturation. Similarly, Morses view of saturation seems to embody elements of both theoretical and data saturation. xZ}WS According to Starks and Trinidad (2007: p. 1375), however, theoretical saturation occurs when the complete range of constructs that make up the theory is fully represented by the data. Dede Putri. In broad terms, saturation is used in qualitative research as a criterion for discontinuing data collection and/or analysis.1 Its origins lie in grounded theory (Glaser and Strauss 1967), but in one form or another it now commands acceptance across a range of approaches to qualitative research. Such a decision would seem, however, to relate to only a very preliminary stage of analysis and is likely to be driven by only a rudimentary sense of any emergent theory. (2010) refer explicitly to research in which conceptual categories have been pre-established through existing theory, and it is significant in this respect that they link saturation with the notion of content validity. Saturation is therefore closely related to the notion of theoretical samplingthe idea that sampling is guided by the necessary similarities and contrasts required by the emerging theory (Dey 1999: p. 30)and causes the researcher to combine sampling, data collection and data analysis, rather than treating them as separate stages in a linear process (Bryman 2012: p. 18). [Google Scholar] Charmaz K. Grounded theory as an emergent method. Choose your method: a comparison of phenomenology, discourse analysis, and grounded theory. However, one could question whether the point at which a participants story is interpreted as being completehaving presumably conveyed everything seen to be relevant to the focus of the studyis, in fact, usefully described by the concept of saturation, given the distance that this moves us away from the operationalization of saturation in broadly thematic approaches. The first of these, rooted in traditional grounded theory, uses the development of categories and the emerging theory in the analysis process as the criterion for additional data collection, driven by the notion of theoretical sampling; using a term in common use, but with a more specific definitional focus, this model could thus be labelled as theoretical saturation. Drisko JW. J. Lipworth W, Taylor N, Braithwaite J. 8This reflects Glaser and Strausss (1967: p. 40) view of theory generation: one is constantly alert to emergent perspectives that will change and help develop his theory. Models of saturation and their principal foci in the research process. 32(2), 327334 (2000), France, N.E.M., Farrell, K., Kearney, B., Myatt, S.: Women living with fibromyalgia: do no harm. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design. Numerous inquiry strategies (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005), inquiry traditions (Creswell, 1998), qualitative approaches (Miller & Crabtree, 1992), and design types (Creswell, 2007) are available for selec- qualitative research (Chase, 2005), with a specific focus on the stories individuals tell (Polkinghorne, 1995). sources of data that may question or disconfirm aspects of the emergent theory) the logic becomes more tenuousa statement about the unobserved based on the unobserved.11 In either case, an uncertain predictive claim is made about the nature of data yet to be collected, and furthermore a claim that could only be tested if the decision to halt data collection were to be overturned. Saturation has attained widespread acceptance as a methodological principle in qualitative research. 2010; Guest et al. 1Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK, 2School of Health Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, EH21 6UU UK. In such studies, analysis tends to focus more on strands within individual accounts rather than on analytical themes; these strands are essentially continuous, whereas themes are essentially recurrent. 0000035597 00000 n
We contend that there is a need not only for more transparent reporting, but also for a more thorough re-evaluation of how saturation is conceptualized and operationalized, including recognition of potential inconsistencies and contradictions in the use of the conceptthis re-evaluation can be guided through attending to the four approaches we have identified and their implications for the purposes and uses of saturation. will also be available for a limited time. 0000036764 00000 n
Taylor & Francis Group. Research Methods in Education Fifth edition. It is here that adapting . Bowen 2008; OReilly and Parker 2013; Walker 2012; Morse 2015; Nelson 2016), aiming to extend the discussion around its conceptualization and use. Some authorse.g. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. In the third model, a reversal of the preceding logic is suggested, whereby data is collected so as to exemplify theory, at the level of lower-order codes or themes, rather than to develop or refine theory. This model can be termed a priori thematic saturation, as it points to the idea of pre-determined theoretical categories and leads us away from the inductive logic characteristic of grounded theory. 100 Questions (and Answers) About Qualitative Research. We question this perspective, and would instead argueas is suggested by the different models of saturation considered in the previous sectionthat saturation has differing relevance, and a different meaning, depending on the role of theory, a viewpoint somewhat supported by other commentators who have questioned its application across the spectrum of qualitative methods (Walker 2012; OReilly and Parker 2013; van Manen et al. In: Hesse-Biber S, Leavy P, editors. Experiencing liver transplantation: a phenomenological approach. J. Operationalising data saturation for theory-driven interview studies. It is commonly taken to indicate that, on the basis of (Charmaz 2005), or of the adequacy of theory development Denzin, N.K., Lincoln, Y.S. Soc. Saturation means that no additional data are being found whereby the sociologist can develop properties of the category. In interviews, when the researcher begins to hear the same comments again and again, data saturation is being reached It is then time to stop collecting information and to start analysing what has been collected. Research with quantitative and qualitative approach by some may not be mixed, but knowledge is considered wrong by researchers who noticed that each research J. Adv. one that relies wholly or predominantly on applying pre-identified codes, themes or other analytical categories to the data, rather than allowing these to emerge inductively) saturation may refer to the extent to which pre-determined codes or themes are adequately represented in the datarather like the idea of the categories being sufficiently replete with instances, or examples, of data, as suggested in the a priori thematic saturation model outlined above. 107, 189195 (2014), Kazley, A.S., Johnson, E., Simpson, K., Chavin, K., Baliga, P.: African American patient knowledge of kidney disease: a qualitative study of those with advanced chronic kidney disease. Grounded Theory for Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide. This tentative and equivocal commitment to saturation may reflect a practical response to the demands of funding bodies and ethics committees for a clear statement of sample size prior to starting a study (OReilly and Parker 2013)perceived obligations that, in practice, may be given priority over methodological considerations. Taking the fourth model of saturation identified earlierthe data saturation approach, as based on the notion of informational redundancyit is clear that saturation can be identified at an early stage in the process, as from this perspective saturation is often seen as separate from, and preceding, formal analysis. These perspectives can easily occur even on the final day of study or even when the manuscript is reviewed in page proof; so the published word is not the final one, but only a pause in the never-ending process of generating theory. the inductive thematic saturation and theoretical saturation models outlined above), saturation suggests the extent to which new codes or themes are identified within the data, and/or the extent to which new theoretical insights are gained from the data via this process. Similarly, Jackson et al. Rather than the sufficient development of theory, it might be seen to indicate the completeness of a biographical account. Kennedy F, Harcourt D, Rumsey N. The shifting nature of womens experiences and perceptions of ductal carcinoma in situ. There are mounting instances of the same codes, but no new ones, whilst Given (2016: p. 135) considers saturation as the point at which additional data do not lead to any new emergent themes. The question will then be how much saturation is enough?, rather than has saturation occurred?7 This is a less straightforward question, but one that much better highlights the fact that this can only be a matter of the analysts decisionsaturation is an ongoing, cumulative judgment that one makes, and perhaps never completes,8 rather than something that can be pinpointed at a specific juncture. In addressing these questions, we will explore the implications of different models of saturationand the theoretical and methodological assumptions that underpin themfor the varying purposes saturation may serve across different qualitative approaches. This paper has been informed by discussions with members of the social sciences group of the Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences at Keele University. In: Denzin NK, Lincoln YS, editors. Charmaz K. Grounded theory in the 21st century: applications for advancing social justice studies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994:15985. 507535. She links saturation with the idea of replication, in a way that suggests a process of data saturation: However, when the domain has been fully sampled when all data have been collected then replication of data occurs and, with this replication the signal of saturation (Morse 1995: p. 148). (2015) adopted a story-telling approach to womens experience of post-partum hospitalization, and recruitment continued until data saturation, which was established through the repetition of responses (p. 372). This view is inherently problematic, however, as not only does it imply that saturation is a retrospective consideration following the completion of data collection, rather than as guiding ongoing sampling decisions, but one could also argue that saturation loses its relevance if all data are included regardless of whether or not they contribute further insights or add to conceptual understanding. 0000104702 00000 n
Drawing on a number of examples in the literature, this paper seeks to explore some of these issues in relation to three core questions: In addressing these questions, we will explore the implications of different models of saturationand the theoretical and methodological assumptions that underpin themfor the varying purposes saturation may serve across different qualitative approaches. Generating theory using grounded theory methodology. (2014: p. 2), whilst espousing the principle of saturation, seem not fully to trust it: Saturation was monitored continuously throughout recruitment. Almost 9 in 10 (86.6%) of men diagnosed with prostate cancer in England survive their disease for five years or more (2013-2017). Another indication of an ambivalent view taken on saturation is suggested by Masons (2010) observation that sample sizes in studies based on interviews are commonly multiples of ten. As a method of inquiry, it was first used by sociologists and anthropologists in : Qualitative and Action Research: A Practitioner Handbook. Qual. Constantinou C, Georgiou M, Perdikogianni M. A comparative method for themes saturation (CoMeTS) in qualitative interviews. 50(5), 642649 (2015), Morse, J.M. explicitly position their approach outside grounded theory methods. Qualitative research emerged in the past century as a useful framework for social science research, but its history has not been the story of steady, sustained progress along one path. Dub E, Vivion M, Sauvageau C, Gagneur A, Gagnos R, Guay M. Nature does things well, why should we interfere?: vaccine hesitancy among mothers. Coping processes as revealed in the stories of mother of children with autism. Starks H, Trinidad SB. 2016). Part 1: quantitative research. an overview of the process of research compiled by Denzin and Lincoln (2011, p. 12), as shown in Figure 2.1, helps us to situate philosophy and interpretative frameworks into perspective in the research process. User Review - Flag as inappropriate Books The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research Norman K. Denzin, Yvonna S. Lincoln - Mathematics - 2011 - 766 pages Now in its fourth edition, this handbook is an essential resource for those interested in all aspects of qualitative research, and has been extensively revised and updated to cover new topics Soc. Bowen 2008; OReilly and Parker 2013; Walker 2012; Morse 2015; Nelson 2016), aiming to extend the discussion around its conceptualization and use. 2011; Jassim and Whitford 2014; Kazley et al. Morse notes elsewhere that she is able to tell when her students have achieved saturation, as they begin to talk about the data in more generalized terms and can readily supply examples when asked. LONDON AND NEW YORK. Considering the various types of research in which saturation might feature helps to clarify the purposes it is intended to fulfil. Decisions about when further data collection is unnecessary are commonly based on the researchers sense of what they are hearing within interviews, and this decision can therefore be made prior to coding and category development. (2015) adopted a story-telling approach to womens experience of post-partum hospitalization, and recruitment continued until data saturation, which was established through the repetition of responses (p. 372). 2015; Jackson et al. Also writing from a grounded theory standpoint, Urquhart (2013: p. 194) defines saturation as: the point in coding when you find that no new codes occur in the data. sources of data that may question or disconfirm aspects of the emergent theory) the logic becomes more tenuousa statement about the unobserved based on the unobserved.Footnote 11 In either case, an uncertain predictive claim is made about the nature of data yet to be collected, and furthermore a claim that could only be tested if the decision to halt data collection were to be overturned. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. First published 2007 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN E-BOOK QUALITATIVE METHOD IN EDUCATION. Qual. An official website of the United States government. digms that can serve as foundations for qualitative research. Moving forward, the identification and recognition of these different models of saturation may aid qualitative researchers in untangling some of the inconsistencies and contradictions that characterize its use. : Coping processes as revealed in the stories of mother of children with autism. Qual. 2010), but also for a more thorough consideration on the part of qualitative researchers regarding how saturation relates to the research question(s) they are addressing, in addition to the theoretical and analytical approach they have adopted, with due recognition of potential inconsistencies and contradictions in its use. [Google Scholar] Charmaz K. Grounded theory as an emergent method. : Naturalistic inquiry and the saturation concept: a research note. [Google Scholar] Charmaz K. Grounded theory as an emergent method. 0000029196 00000 n
Quality of life in children and adolescents with osteogenesis imperfecta: a qualitative interview based study. Grounded theory is a systematic methodology that has been largely applied to qualitative research conducted by social scientists.The methodology involves the construction of hypotheses and theories through the collecting and analysis of data. Charmaz K. Grounded theory in the 21st century: applications for advancing social justice studies. Case study method enables a researcher to closely examine the data within a specific context. Judgments at this stage will also relate to a framework of themes and categories that is theoretically immature, and that may be subject to considerable modification; for example, the changes that may occur during the successive stages of open, selective and theoretical coding in grounded theory (Glaser 1978). Abstract: Autoethnography is an approach to research and writing that seeks to describe and systematically analyze personal experience in order to understand cultural experience.This approach challenges canonical ways of doing research and government site. it is achieved at a particular point within a specific interview: Probing needs to continue until the researcher feels they have reached saturation, a full understanding of the participants perspective (Legard et al. However, whilst considering saturation in incremental terms may increase researchers confidence in making claims to it, we suggest it is only through due consideration of the specific purpose for which saturation is being used, and what one is hoping to saturate, that the uncertainty around the concept can be resolved. qualitative research on particular contexts and their meaning for the participants in. Symptom control trials in patients with advanced cancer: a qualitative study. 48(12), 14661474 (2011), Malterud, K., Siersma, V.D., Guassora, A.D.: Sample size in qualitative interview studies: guided by information power. The data are generally nonnumerical. (2017). (2017) go further, appearing to combine elements of all four models of saturation. Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. Such a decision would seem, however, to relate to only a very preliminary stage of analysis and is likely to be driven by only a rudimentary sense of any emergent theory. 190191). These students know their data (Morse 2015: p. 588). The authors state: Of the 39 participants, six did not complete a second interview because they were unavailable, impaired, or the research team felt the first interview had achieved saturation (p. 2035), suggesting that judgments of saturation were made within each participants account. 2007)but as saturation will be a direct and automatic consequence of ones coding decisions, it is not clear how it can be an independent measure of their quality. Furthermore, if saturation is used in relation to negative case analysis in grounded theory (i.e. 26(13), 17531760 (2016), Marshall, V., Long, B.C. 95115. Can. 2015), suggesting that it should be thought of as a discrete event that can be recognized as such by the analyst. Methodological reflections on using pilot data from fracture patients to develop a qualitative study. 37(8), 11731190 (2015). Qual. Also writing from a grounded theory standpoint, Urquhart (2013: p. 194) defines saturation as: the point in coding when you find that no new codes occur in the data. Dub et al. explicitly position their approach outside grounded theory methods. 507535. Download Free PDF View PDF. (2007: p. 91) argue, however, that saturation is not normally an aim in interpretative phenomenological analysis, owing to the concern to obtain full and rich personal accounts, which highlights the particular analytical focus within individual accounts in this approach, and van Manen dissociates saturation from phenomenological research more generally (van Manen et al. 0000034008 00000 n
Data saturation in qualitative research. J. Adv. 71(12), 27862798 (2015), van Manen, M., Higgins, I., van der Reit, P.: A conversation with Max van Manen on phenomenology in its original sense. Indeed, saturation is often proposed as an essential methodological element within such work. 2016). qualitative research. As he sees similar instances over and over again, the researcher becomes empirically confident that a category is saturated. digms that can serve as foundations for qualitative research. Nurs. The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, 3rd edn, pp. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2005. pp. Accordingly, researchers who confidently propose saturation as a criterion for sampling at the outset of a study may become less certain as to how it should be operationalized once the study is in progress, and may therefore be reluctant to abide by it. Careers. Qual. As he sees similar instances over and over again, the researcher becomes empirically confident that a category is saturated. (1998). J. Soc. Francis et al. Otmar et al. In contrast to data saturation and inductive thematic saturation, the first model of saturation considered, theoretical saturationas based on the grounded theory notion of determining when the properties of theoretical categories are adequately developedindicates that the process of analysis is at a more advanced stage and at a higher level of theoretical generality. The use of saturation in these two cases could perhaps indicate a degree of confusion in some studies about the meaning of saturation and its purpose, even when taking into account the differing models of saturation outlined earlier. not too few interviews, rather than saturation aiding decisions about the adequacy of the sample. 4 0 obj Learn more 2015; Long-Sutehall et al. When used in a deductive approach to analysis, saturation serves to demonstrate the extent to which the data instantiate previously determined conceptual categories, whereas in more inductive approaches, and grounded theory in particular, it says something about the adequacy of sampling in relation to theory development (although we have seen that there are differing accounts of how specifically this should be achieved). Hennink et al. Health Res. It is less straightforward to identify a role for saturation in qualitative approaches that are based on a biographical or narrative approach to analysis, or that, more generally, include a specific focus on accounts of individual informants (e.g. J. Qual. Health Psychol. This evokes Glasers criticism of Strausss approach to sampling, which he regards as conventional, rather than theoretical, sampling: In conventional sampling the analyst questions, guesses and uses experience to go where he thinks he will have the data to test his hypotheses and find the theory that he has preconceived. We identify four distinct approaches to saturation, which differ in terms of the extent to which an inductive or a deductive logic is adopted, and the relative emphasis on data collection, data analysis, and theorizing. To all participant groups to reduce the chance of missed themes patients with advanced cancer: a critical of Techniques and procedures for Developing Grounded theory methodology themes has been taken by others ( e.g Edwards! 169 ( 2015 ), mason, M., Cronin p. and Ryan F. ( 2007.. Demonstrate the trustworthiness of coding ( Damschroder et al calculated in advance a methodological principle in qualitative interviews N.K. Lincoln! 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Foia HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Accessibility Careers of three qualitative Strategies for qualitative research studies change young Jackson M, Higgins I, van der Reit p. a conversation with Max van Manen on phenomenology its ( 2 ), Morse, J.M but somewhat uncertain logic denzin and lincoln 2005 qualitative research underlies. ( 2012 ), Glaser, B.G Strauss, A.L critiques, we have how Themes has been achieved: //doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8, DOI: https: //libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/researchdesigns '' > qualitative research /a. First logic is counter-inductivefuture non-occurrences of data, codes or themes has been taken by others ( e.g criteria addressing Chose to fully recruit to all participant groups to reduce the chance of missed themes,
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